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The large-scale production reactors were built on an isolated 1,000-square-mile (2,600-square-km) tract on the Columbia River north of Pasco, Washington-the Hanford Engineer Works. An intermediate step in putting this method into production was taken with the construction of a medium-size reactor at Oak Ridge. It involved the development of chemical extraction procedures that would work under conditions never before encountered. Quantity production of plutonium-239 required the construction of a reactor of great size and power that would release about 25,000 kilowatt-hours of heat for each gram of plutonium produced. In December 1942 Fermi finally succeeded in producing and controlling a fission chain reaction in this reactor pile at Chicago. It was developed at the metallurgical laboratory of the University of Chicago under the direction of Arthur Holly Compton and involved the transmutation in a reactor pile of uranium-238. Only one method was available for the production of the fissionable material plutonium-239. On December 6, 1941, the project was put under the direction of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, headed by Vannevar Bush.įirst self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction Briggs, director of the National Bureau of Standards (later National Institute of Standards and Technology). In February 1940, $6,000 was made available to start research under the supervision of a committee headed by L.J. In the summer of 1939, Albert Einstein was persuaded by his fellow scientists to use his influence and present the military potential of an uncontrolled fission chain reaction to Pres. Pegram of Columbia University, who arranged a conference between Enrico Fermi and the Navy Department in March 1939. The first contact with the government was made by G.B. SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!įind out about the Manhattan Project and the atomic bomb See all videos for this articleĪmerican scientists, many of them refugees from fascist regimes in Europe, took steps in 1939 to organize a project to exploit the newly recognized fission process for military purposes.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them!

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COVID-19 Portal While this global health crisis continues to evolve, it can be useful to look to past pandemics to better understand how to respond today.Student Portal Britannica is the ultimate student resource for key school subjects like history, government, literature, and more.From tech to household and wellness products. Britannica Explains In these videos, Britannica explains a variety of topics and answers frequently asked questions.This Time in History In these videos, find out what happened this month (or any month!) in history.#WTFact Videos In #WTFact Britannica shares some of the most bizarre facts we can find.

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