Mean minimum Tb'swere lower in hi- bernators than inl daily heterotherms (5.80 C zs. The average maximum torpor bout duration was 355.3 h in hiber- nators and 11.2 h inzdaily heterotherms. Frequency distributionsįor all tvariables tested difiered significantly (P < 0.001i) between daily torpor and hibernation. Both cluster and discriminant analyses supported this division, and fur- ther analyses uwerethere/forebased on these tuwogroups. Torpor or prolonged torpor (bibernation) according to observations from original sources.

Lism Initially, animals grouped into species displaying either daily (HBMR). Por, or the reductionz of metabolic rate expressed aspercentage of basal metabo. In the present comparison we evaluated (1) whether physiologi- cal variables of torporfrom 104 avian and mammalian species warrant the dis- tinction betweenzhibernation and daily torpor as two different states of torpor and (2), if so, whether this distinction is best based on maximum torpor bout du- ration, minimum hod圓temperature (Tb), minimum metabolic rate during tor. Hibernation and daily torpor are usually considered to be two distinct patterns Our results emphasize how both the physical and social environments can modify risk perception and therefore risk-taking decisions of foraging individuals. The effects of wind intensity and neighbour density on vigilance were also stronger during the broadcast of alarm calls rather than neutral sounds. Chipmunks showed higher levels of vigilance when foraging in more open habitats, under high wind conditions, when they heard alarm calls and when surrounded by a high neighbour density. In this study, we investigated the effects of physical and social environments on eastern chipmunks' (Tamias striatus) vigilance, by varying the perceived risk through playback experiments of alarm calls and neutral environmental sounds, and by integrating habitat and weather characteristics, as well as neighbour density.

Environmental factors can modulate the level of risk and should thus influence the expression of anti-predator behaviours such as vigilance. Animals foraging under risk have to trade-off resource acquisition and predator avoidance.

Chipmunk habitat